With paychecks stretched thin by ever-increasing prices, consumers are anxiously awaiting some sign that inflation has peaked and will start to come back down. But that hasn’t happened yet. Indeed, the latest release from the Bureau of Economic Analysis shows that inflation increased in May.
The Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCEPI), which is the Federal Reserve’s preferred measure of inflation, grew at a continuously-compounding annual rate of 6.2 percent from May 2021 to May 2022. Prices have grown 4.1 percent per year since January 2020, just prior to the pandemic. As a consequence, prices are 5.3 percentage points higher than they would have been if the Fed had hit its 2-percent average inflation target over this period.
When last month’s release showed that inflation had slowed, some incorrectly concluded that we were finally on the mend. As I explained at the time, the lower monthly rate of inflation in April was entirely driven by the temporary surge in food and energy prices in March. It did not suggest that broader inflationary pressure had eased up. The new data confirms as much. Prices grew 0.6 percent in May 2022, compared with 0.5 percent in January and February 2022.
Core inflation, which excludes food and energy prices, has remained steady. The core PCEPI has grown 0.2 percent per month in each of the last four months. It has grown at a continuously-compounding annual rate of 3.3 percent since January 2020 and is currently 3.4 percentage points above the 2-percent growth path.
Prices continue to outpace Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) member projections, which were revised up again in June. The median FOMC member has projected inflation will be 5.2 percent this year. That would require inflation to fall considerably over the next six months. If prices continue to grow as they have over the first five months of the year, inflation will be roughly 6.9 percent in 2022.
It seems likely that inflation will fall somewhat in the months ahead, though perhaps not as much as the median FOMC member suggests. The FOMC has taken a tougher stance on inflation in recent months. It raised its federal funds rate target by 50 basis points in May and 75 basis points in June. Fed Chair Jerome Powell has said the FOMC will likely hike rates by another 50 or 75 basis points in July.
The change in the Fed’s stance on inflation is evident in bond markets. In late March, bond market participants were pricing in around 3.4 percent inflation per year over the next five years and 2.8 percent inflation per year over the next ten years. Now, they are pricing in around 2.4 and 2.2 percent inflation, respectively. This suggests that inflation will remain high over the near term and then return to 2 percent over the longer term.
It is difficult to say precisely when the inflation tide will turn. But consumers should expect inflation to remain high throughout the rest of the year. The median FOMC member has projected inflation will remain above the Fed’s 2-percent target through 2024. If the Fed stays committed to its recently-rediscovered anti-inflationary zeal, we could see 2 percent even sooner. Alas, there seems to be no chance that it will undo the damage unexpected inflation has wrought over the last year, as its average inflation target would seem to require. And there is no guarantee it will stay the course.
William J. Luther
William J. Luther is the Director of AIER’s Sound Money Project and an Associate Professor of Economics at Florida Atlantic University. His research focuses primarily on questions of currency acceptance. He has published articles in leading scholarly journals, including Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Economic Inquiry, Journal of Institutional Economics, Public Choice, and Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. His popular writings have appeared in The Economist, Forbes, and U.S. News & World Report. His work has been featured by major media outlets, including NPR, Wall Street Journal, The Guardian, TIME Magazine, National Review, Fox Nation, and VICE News. Luther earned his M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics at George Mason University and his B.A. in Economics at Capital University. He was an AIER Summer Fellowship Program participant in 2010 and 2011.
Selected Publications
“Cash, Crime, and Cryptocurrencies.” Co-authored with Joshua R. Hendrickson. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (Forthcoming). “Central Bank Independence and the Federal Reserve’s New Operating Regime.” Co-authored with Jerry L. Jordan. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (May 2022). “The Federal Reserve’s Response to the COVID-19 Contraction: An Initial Appraisal.” Co-authored with Nicolas Cachanosky, Bryan Cutsinger, Thomas L. Hogan, and Alexander W. Salter. Southern Economic Journal (March 2021). “Is Bitcoin Money? And What That Means.”Co-authored with Peter K. Hazlett. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (August 2020). “Is Bitcoin a Decentralized Payment Mechanism?” Co-authored with Sean Stein Smith. Journal of Institutional Economics (March 2020). “Endogenous Matching and Money with Random Consumption Preferences.” Co-authored with Thomas L. Hogan. B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics (June 2019). “Adaptation and Central Banking.” Co-authored with Alexander W. Salter. Public Choice (January 2019). “Getting Off the Ground: The Case of Bitcoin.” Journal of Institutional Economics (2019). “Banning Bitcoin.” Co-authored with Joshua R. Hendrickson. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (2017). “Bitcoin and the Bailout.” Co-authored with Alexander W. Salter. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (2017). “The Political Economy of Bitcoin.” Co-authored with Joshua R. Hendrickson and Thomas L. Hogan. Economic Inquiry (2016). “Cryptocurrencies, Network Effects, and Switching Costs.” Contemporary Economic Policy (2016). “Positively Valued Fiat Money after the Sovereign Disappears: The Case of Somalia.” Co-authored with Lawrence H. White. Review of Behavioral Economics (2016). “The Monetary Mechanism of Stateless Somalia.” Public Choice (2015).
